بررسی تطبیقی رمان‌های‌ خارج‌الجّسد از عفاف البطاینه و کولی کنار آتش از منیرو روانی‌پور بر اساس مؤلّفه‌های فمینیستی

                                                                                   
1.Introduction
 In the field of contemporary Arabic and Persian literature, Afaf al-Batayneh and Moniro Ravanipour are two well-known figures who have sought to identify women by creating various works of fiction. They grew up in societies where there has always been an unfavorable view of women. Hence, they are deeply acquainted with the concerns and desires of women. Based on this, the main issue of the present study is to study and analyze the views of these two authors in relation to the role and position of women in Arab and Iranian societies. For this purpose, the novel Out of the Body by Al-Batayneh and the novel Gypsy by the Fire by Ravanipour are considered as examples. In this research, the author seeks to answer the following questions: a) What are the commonalities and differences between the feminist views of Al-Batayneh and Ravanipour in the mentioned novels? B) What are the characteristics of literary commitment and selfishness in the mentioned novels? C) What are the most important women's issues raised in these novels? D) What role has the patriarchal society described in these novels and related discourse played in the isolation and oppression of women?
 
2. Methodology
In the present study, a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach (American school) have been used to analyze the two novels Extraterrestrial from Al-Bataineh and Gypsy by Fire from Ravanipour. Also, the method of analysis is inductive (part to whole). The author's premise for choosing these novels has been the relative similarities of the cultural and social context of Arab societies with Iranian society and the closeness of the position of women in these societies. Components of the feminist movement have been used to reread and explore the views of the two authors.
 
3. Discussion
3-1. Complete subjugation of women against men
In the novel, the author first depicts the prevailing atmosphere in Arab societies and the precarious position of Semen, and then refers to the living conditions of Sarah (formerly Semen) in Scotland in order to compare the worthlessness of women in the Eastern social structure. To emphasize. In other words, by creating a character with two identities, the author introduces the anti-feminist concept of feminine passivity as opposed to the feminist concept of women's freedom and authority in order to present a counter-ideal of the Arab city and the Western utopia. In the first part of the novel, Mani never has the authority and opportunity to make decisions and is treated like a helpless human being. While he was a teenager and attached to Sadegh, he faced his father's opposition and was forced to separate from his beloved. Avoidance of Sadegh and forced marriage with the forbidden is the main manifestation of the subjugation and passivity of semen (at the primary level) and the women of the Arab society (at the macro level). This level of obedience has made the semen of a girl helpless and weak.
In the gypsy novel by the fire, the mirror and other women, as the character of Man, are initially shaky and devoid of intellectual and personality independence. The mirror always obeys the wishes of the father and accepts that he is a tool to earn money. The mirror has grown up in a culture where deviating from masculine norms has unpleasant consequences. He faces punishment and rejection on the few occasions he deviates from the norm. When the story of Ayneh sleeping with a man named Mans is finalized for the men of the caravan, they torture and harass the girl to escape this stigma. This behavior is a public example of violence against women and clearly reveals the patriarchal cultural context of Iranian society. The men of the family flog him for five days in a row, and if Bakht is his friend and he survives, he will be rejected by the cultural group.
3-2. Traditional marriage in Eastern societies
In the novel Out of the Body, the sign of this behavior has been seen many times. Mani, as the main character of the novel, expresses interest in Sadegh, but the male-dominated, non-pluralistic atmosphere does not accept it and strongly opposes this legitimate demand. Abam Mansour's dogmatic view and fanatical reaction to the girl's independence-seeking behavior indicate the unpreparedness of the cultural structure of Arab society to delegate female roles to themselves. In the eyes of Arab men, the daughter is an alternative to the mother and they should behave like her. That is, he must always be submissive and obedient.On this basis, Semen is imprisoned and oppressed for a while and then, he is forced to marry a deprived person. Although the girl has no interest in the forbidden, but she is not able to object on an objective and external level and expresses her glories along with tears and lamentations internally and in the form of the hadith of the soul.
In The Gypsy by the Fire, a seventeen-year-old woman who has lost her husband to a snakebite and is widowed is not allowed to marry a boy her own age. Interestingly, this view is not limited to men, and the hegemony of patriarchal power has affected women's perceptions to such an extent that they, too, take such beliefs as principles and follow them. This passive behavior indicates the lack of intellectual development of women who have been dominated by men for centuries. The negative reaction of the mother to the son's request to marry a widow shows that women have not reached the level of intellectual maturity to be able to free themselves from the domination of men. By blindly following the line of thought institutionalized by patriarchal hegemony, they sometimes confront each other and behave like men. By raising this issue, Ravanipour indirectly seeks to raise the intellectual level of its audience, especially women. He looks beyond the variable level of gender and, by involving women in the emergence of current unfavorable conditions, invites homosexuals to make cognitive changes in themselves. In other words, from the author's point of view, self-defeating and passive women have an equal share of men in the current unfavorable situation.
3-3. Feeling broken by being feminine in Eastern societies
In the novel Out of the Body, Mani is a traditional girl caught up in the old and erroneous beliefs of society. She blames herself for being a girl. This thinking is born of the patriarchal society's misbehavior with women. Under the influence of this view, women have become so stagnant that they see the problem in their gender. Perhaps because they are unable to change the situation and analyze the causes of these injustices, they summarize the problem of being a woman.
In the gypsy novel by the fire, unlike the novel Out of the Body, the gender breakdown of women is indirectly expressed. In other words, the author (narrator), by creating scenes and illustration techniques, leads the audience to believe that Eastern women feel dissatisfied with being created with this gender. The narrator's descriptions of the quality of the family father's dealings with the mirror confirm the humiliation caused by being a woman in society. The instrumental view of women imposed by male hegemony is Ravanipour's main concern in this novel. What is reflected in the depth of these scenes is the expression of the failures that women experience. Although in the initial layers of these depictions there is a kind of humiliation and failure of being feminine, but in the deeper layers, Ravanipour's ultimate goal is to generate motivation to change this system of thought and behavior. In one part of the novel, the mirror father, after noticing the girl's relationship with a stranger, brings her to the field for punishment. Interestingly, the punishment of a family and, to a lesser extent, personal issue is done as a group. A tribal system based on patriarchal rules has given them the role and right to decide the fate of a girl and to treat her as they see fit.
3-4. Suppression of love and affection in Eastern societies for fear of wrong judgments
In the novel Out of the Body, a confrontation is seen between these two schools of thought. When Mani lives in the village, she falls in love with a boy named Sadegh, but by revealing this secret, the girl is imprisoned by her father and the bond breaks. Previously, semen in private was always afraid of exposing her relationship; Because the society has taken permission from him to do this and has imposed a severe punishment for committing it. In the novel, when a girl is humiliated for loving Sadegh, she is completely helpless. Even the mother has no power to intervene in the face of the father's firmness and is the only observer.
In the novel Gypsy by the Fire, Ayneh meets a male writer who has come to Bushehr to spend the Nowruz holiday. The mirror falls in love with a stranger and offers himself to gain the trust of the beloved and to gain him, but some time later, when he returns to the inn, he no longer finds the name and address of this person. The first big crisis in his life comes with a love failure.
3-5.Presenting a violent and negative image of a man
In the novel Out of the Body, the author describes men who are bullying, violent and tyrannical and have no favorable idea of ​​the female sex. Male violence in this novel is applied in two ways: soft hegemony and violent hegemony. Each type of hegemony has its own components. In the novel, with the exception of Salem (Uncle Mani), all the men seen in Arab societies are tyrannical and use the principles of coercive hegemony to oppress women. Abu Mansour (Mani's father) is the most important person who changed the course of his daughter's life with violent behavior and led her to ruin. Mahroos (the first wife of Mina) is also an alternative to Abu Mansour.
In the novel The Gypsy by the Fire, after the mirror is driven out of the caravan, he seeks refuge. A person named Shukri introduces himself as the friend of the mirror father, and when he notices that the girl is confused, he tries to trap her. Shukri ruthlessly prepares the mirror for sexual exploitation and, without informing the girl, hides others in a room to rape her. Ravanipour indirectly calls these people hyenas and makes their laughter a brutal act before tearing up prey.
3-6.Equality
Al-Batayneh, in his novel Outside the Body, constantly talks about these violated rights. He has divided semen life into good and bad. In the first half, she faces all kinds of social injustices, but in the second half, she becomes a progressive and intellectual woman. The author indirectly asserts the superiority of Western culture over Arab culture and states that women in Western societies are growing and flourishing due to the principle of equality in male-female relations. While in the Arab countries, this situation remains taboo and there is no will in men and women to break the gender stereotypes.
In the novel Gypsy by the Fire, the author does not pay much attention to this principle. Ravanipour talks more about the suffering of society for women than about the spirit of female egalitarianism. In Ravanipour's system of thought, men have not necessarily reproduced a patriarchal culture, and most women have helped men achieve this goal. Therefore, when we encounter a group of women who not only do not make an effort to eliminate this human crisis, but also play an effective role in learning about it, talking about equality seems absurd and ridiculous. The women in this novel do not seek much for their violated rights. In other words, they make no systematic and coherent effort to make women aware of their rights, and only the mirror character is placed in the process of individualization, which, of course, has been less influential in the emergence of this desirable situation. In other words, the mirror, by going through a series of events, happens to be on the path to prosperity and excellence, and we do not see a planned and purposeful effort by him. In this novel, the mirror, after meeting the painter Hannibal, is like a woman who has left the traditional shell in search of her identity. Therefore, all these favorable changes are due to Hannibal. The confrontation between the mirror and Hannibal symbolically represents the confrontation between tradition and modernity.
 
4. Conclusion
The main characters of the extracorporeal and gypsy novels by the fire are women. As the desired character of chastity, Mani has experienced two completely different moments in his life. In the first half of her life, she is a passive woman, surrendering to adherent traditions. He has no right to choose and must act under the influence of the wishes of his father and members of his cultural group. Unsuccessful intermittent marriages and the domination of violent male hegemony are the most important components of Jordanian patriarchal society, which are in conflict with feminist and feminist views. In the second half of my life, he goes to London and gets acquainted with the manifestations of the West. She sees that in the new environment, women's rights are highly respected and women have the same human rights as men. Mani is so influenced by Western culture that he completely denies his background and repeatedly acquits himself of the anti-ideal of the Arab city. Mani changes her face and name in order to destroy her connections with her Aqaba and become another character with a new appearance and esoteric. This behavior of Mani or Sarah is a concealment of the former identity and the reproduction of a new identity. In Ravanipour's novel, she is a mirror woman who is excluded from her cultural group due to her relationship with the man she is interested in, and spends most of her life away from her father and those around her. She marries other men several times, but they abandon her after abusing this helpless girl. However, the mirror has never given up and has not stopped trying to disrupt the situation. During his trip to Tehran, he sets foot in a new and at the same time different environment and experiences events that lead to the flourishing of his character. Ayneh tries to save herself from critical situations, but Mani does not just make changes in herself and by attending various conferences, she tries to free women from male tyranny. Thus, the components of dynamism and attainment of individuality seem more pronounced in the semen than in the mirror. Another issue is my extreme attachment to Western culture. Due to her departure from the patriarchal and monolithic atmosphere in Jordan and her experience of an environment in which women are respected and have human rights, she is generally undergoing a cultural transformation and, with her past rejection, is dedicated to a fledgling feminist-based culture. Turns. While the mirror has never denied the rituals and cultural structure of its society. Although the mirror is rejected by its cultural group, it never turns its back on it.
to rescue this strain And. In this research, using the feminist foundations and the descriptive-analytic method, similar and dissimilar views of the two authors in the aforementioned novels are explained and explained. The results of the study show that the two authors address issues such as: complete subjugation of women to men; traditional marriage in Eastern societies; Men, egalitarians, have criticized society's false beliefs. The main difference between the two authors' viewpoints is the self-sacrifice, the cultural transformation, and the extreme fascination of the "semen" in the novel Al-Jasad and the modest behavior of the "mirror" in the Gypsy novel beside the fire.