Symbolism in literature conveys moral, mystical, and social concepts, and among animal symbols, the “wolf” holds a distinctive position. Despite the widespread use of animal imagery, comparative studies of the wolf are rare, underscoring the necessity of this research. The choice of Rumi’s Masnavi and Dante’s Divine Comedy rests on the eminent status of these works and the central role of the wolf symbol within them. The study aims to show how a shared symbol acquires diverse meanings and functions across two intellectual traditions. The method relies on comparative analysis and symbolism, based on direct examination of primary texts and authoritative sources.

Findings reveal that although the wolf in both works symbolizes greed, negligence, and worldliness, differences in worldview produce divergent functions. Rumi interprets the wolf as an inner force, the manifestation of the nafs al-ammāra (commanding self), subdued only through purification and divine love. He regards personal reform as the foundation of social reform, believing that combating inner corruption is essential for societal transformation. In contrast, Dante presents the wolf as a symbol of social corruption and Florence’s moral decline, suggesting salvation lies in political reform and the advent of a savior.