نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه زبان و ادبیات فرانسه، دانشکده زبانها و ادبیات خارجی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The theme of utopia, as one of the deepest reflections of humanity’s aspiration for perfection, has been recurrently portrayed across literary traditions. This study, drawing upon the analytical framework proposed by Marino and Etiemble —comparative literature’s theorists —explores the concept of Invariants, that is, those universal structures, elements and patterns common to diverse literatures, which enable the comparison of works with no direct historical or cultural connection. In this light, the article undertakes a comparative analysis of two thematically rich but stylistically and historically distinct works: The Conference of the Birds by Attar and Citadelle by Saint-Exupéry. Despite their divergent origins both texts are deeply infused with utopia theme. Furthermore, this study employs Michel Collot’s thematic criticism, particularly his concepts of “landscape,” “internal horizon” and “external horizon” to demonstrate how utopian theme takes on a unique form in each work, shaped by distinct declensions and modulations, reflecting the author’s worldview. The methodology is based on a dual-level thematic analysis: first, an exploration of the internal horizon through concrete representations and semantic variations of utopia, and second, an examination of the surrounding network of motifs that construct its external horizon. Ultimately, utopia emerges not as a purely abstract notion but as a layered, multi-dimensional landscape, mirroring author’s vision of humanity, perfection and being. The study reveals that Attar envisions a mystical utopia realized through spiritual progression, annihilation of the self, wonder, unity and divine love, whereas Saint-Exupéry proposes a worldly and existential utopia anchored in responsibility, order, ritual and human solidarity.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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