بررسی تطبیقی عدد در زبان عربی و فارسی دری

Abstract

Introduction

Among all the languages of the world, words combine naturally and systematically to form syntactic chains based on specific patterns. One of the functions of grammar is to define the rules governing the collocation of words within various structures. Thus, the processing of numbers is a key and important grammatical topic that forms the basis of understanding and comprehending grammatical rules. Therefore, this article first defines numbers in both Persian and Arabic and then examines the types and categories of numbers in the grammar of both languages in detail, which will facilitate a better understanding of numbers from a grammatical perspective in the mentioned languages. The significance and necessity of this research lie in the comparative study of numbers and their quantifiers in both Persian and Arabic in a scientific and investigative manner. The exploration of data and highlighting points regarding the characteristics of numbers in both languages can provide better insights for the comparative understanding of numbers from a grammatical standpoint. The primary objective of this research is to elucidate this topic for scholars in this field and to explain the grammatical relationships between Persian and Arabic. Accordingly, this research seeks to answer questions such as: What are the grammatical differences in numbers between the mentioned languages? Is the usage of numbers in both languages the same or not
 

Methodology

In this study, a descriptive-analytical method was employed using library resources, primarily drawing on both classical and modern grammar books. Ultimately, a comparative discussion and conclusion were reached regarding the use of numbers in the grammar of Arabic and Persian. This began with data collection, where a diverse array of literary, scientific, and conversational texts from both languages was gathered to provide a comprehensive representation of numerical usage in each language.
Additionally, structural analysis was conducted, examining the syntactic and morphological structures of numbers in both languages. This included the investigation of cardinal and ordinal numbers and their roles in sentences.
The comparative analysis systematically examined the collected data to identify structural and functional similarities and differences in the use of numbers in both languages. Cultural context was also explored to understand how the usage of numbers in each language is influenced by their respective cultures and traditions, which aids in better comprehending the meanings and applications of numbers.
Validation of findings was carried out through consultations with linguistic experts and peer reviews to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. This methodology has contributed to a deeper understanding of the functions of numbers in Arabic and Persian, addressing the overall objectives of the study. The findings indicate that there are differences and similarities in the usage of numbers in Arabic and Persian, with each language's grammatical structure uniquely influencing their application.
 

Discussion

Interpretation of Results and Their Implications for Linguistics and Language Education,The comparative analysis of numerical structures reveals that both Arabic and Persian possess unique numerical frameworks. In Arabic, numbers typically change according to grammatical rules and must agree with the gender and number of nouns. In contrast, Persian exhibits a simpler structure, with numbers being less influenced by the gender and number of nouns.
Semantic Application:The results indicate that numbers play a significant role in conveying the meaning of sentences and facilitating communication in both languages. In Arabic, certain numbers have specific meanings that are not present in Persian.
Cultural Differences:Numbers relate not only to linguistic aspects but also to the cultures and traditions of each language. For example, the use of numbers in poetry and literary texts in both languages may reflect distinct cultural characteristics.
Implications of Comparative Analysis for Linguistics:
Deeper Linguistic Analysis:This study can assist linguists in achieving a better understanding of the linguistic structures and grammatical rules of each language. Recognizing the differences and similarities may contribute to the development of linguistic theories.
Research in Related Languages:The findings can provide a solid foundation for further research in other related languages and aid in identifying common linguistic patterns.
Implications of Comparative Analysis for Language Education:
More Effective Teaching Methods:Learning the differences and similarities in numbers between the two languages can help language teachers develop more effective teaching strategies for learners. This understanding can also help prevent common errors in learning numbers.
Development of Educational Resources:The results of this study could lead to the creation of new and effective educational resources for learning Arabic and Persian. For instance, textbooks and educational materials that address numerical differences in each language could be beneficial.
Cultural Awareness:Teaching language alongside an understanding of numerical differences can help learners become more familiar with the culture and customs associated with each language, facilitating more effective intercultural communication.
Types of Numbers:Numbers, as nouns or adjectives that denote quantity or order, can be divided into two main categories: cardinal and ordinal.
Cardinal Numbers: These can be singular, compound, and include contractual forms. Each type has its specific grammatical rules.
Ordinal Numbers: These also can be singular, compound, and include contractual forms. Ordinal numbers typically follow the nouns they modify and agree with them in grammatical case, definiteness, and indefiniteness.
Differences between Persian and Arabic:In Arabic, the noun (معدود) agrees with the number and can be singular or plural, while in Persian, the noun is always singular. This characteristic has varied historically, with instances where the noun would agree with the number.
Types of Numbers in Persian:There are five types of numbers:Ordinal (descriptive) numbers, Cardinal numbers,Composite numbers, Distributive numbers, and Fractional numbers, which can be divided into two categories: auditory (سماعی) and analogical (قیاسی).
Clarifiers (Modifiers):Clarifiers are words that follow the number and clearly specify the meaning of the noun, such as تن (ton), نفر (person), رأس (head), etc. These clarifiers can indicate quantity, unit, time, and type of the noun.
Numerical Indicators:Cardinal numbers have both nominal indicators and descriptive indicators. Ordinal descriptive adjectives are formed using specific suffixes (ــُ م and ـُ مین).
Determining Grammatical Class:Determining the grammatical class of cardinal numbers can be challenging due to their nominal and adjectival features. Additionally, ambiguous numbers in cases where the noun is situated between two or more ambiguous numbers begin from the smaller number.In conclusion, the examination of numbers in Arabic and Persian illustrates the complex and diverse structures of these two languages. A precise understanding of these features not only aids in a better comprehension of linguistics but can also lead to improvements in language education.
 
4.Conclusion
After conducting a comparative analysis of numbers in Arabic and Persian, we have reached the following conclusions:
The discussion of numbers in Arabic is a practical topic that exhibits various changes in grammatical and syntactic aspects of the nouns they modify, possessing specific grammatical functions. Moreover, the agreement between numbers and nouns in Arabic is mandatory, a characteristic that is not observed in Persian.
In both Persian and Arabic, numbers serve as nouns or adjectives that denote the quantity or order of objects, with the counted entity referred to as "معدود" (ma‘dud). In Arabic, the agreement between the noun and number is obligatory, whereas in Persian, the noun always remains singular.
Numbers in Arabic are divided into two types: primary and secondary. The primary numbers are categorized into singular, compound, contractual, and coordinated forms. In contrast, in Persian, numbers are divided into five types: ordinal (descriptive) numbers, cardinal numbers, composite numbers, distributive numbers, and fractional numbers, with fractional numbers further divided into auditory and analogical categories. Therefore, if we consider added numbers as the fifth type in Arabic, there is no significant difference in the classification of numbers between Persian and Arabic.
Ordinal or descriptive numbers in Arabic, like primary numbers, are classified into four forms: singular, compound, coordinated, and definite. In Persian, the ordinal numbers are primarily treated as adjectives or simple cardinal numbers, such as those from 1-9 and multiples of ten (20, 30, 40, etc.), or composite forms like eleven and twelve up to twenty, six hundred, and seven hundred, etc.
The indicators for primary numbers in Persian sometimes function like adjectives, as in: "approximately ten days." In terms of meaning, they align closely with adjectives such as "very," "few," and "little," for example: "a very good book." Additionally, like any adjective, they can modify the meaning of nouns. In many instances, the indicators for nouns also serve as indicators for certain adjectives, as many adjectives, including demonstrative, interrogative, exclamatory, and some descriptive adjectives, precede their nouns, such as: "this book," "which pen," "a good person," and "a bad man." However, in Arabic, the noun itself holds the grammatical and syntactic roles of both adjective and noun, with the number's grammatical case, definiteness, and indefiniteness conforming to that of the noun preceding it.
In Persian, numbers and nouns are articulated under various titles, such as ambiguous numbers, modifiers, primary numerical adjectives, and ordinal numerical adjectives, which are specific to the Persian language and do not have direct counterparts in Arabic.
In Arabic, the distinction of numbers is used to eliminate ambiguity, similar to how, in Persian, terms like "روشنگر" (roshangar) and "ممیّز" (mumayyiz) are employed to clarify ambiguous nouns.
Overall, the examination of numbers in Arabic and Persian reveals the complex and diverse structures of these two languages. Understanding these features not only enhances our comprehension of linguistics but can also contribute to improvements in language education.
Keywords: Number, Counted Entity,  Distinctive Marker,  Clarifier , Arabic , Persian, Comparative Literature