بررسی تطبیقی «حال» در نحو عربی و برابرهای معنایی و نقش های معادل آن در دستور زبان فارسی

. Introduction
   Some grammarians have called the grammatical researches that take place between two languages “Comparative Grammar”, and some others have called it “Contrastive Grammar”, in a way that comparative grammar is a comparison of grammatical roles between two languages with the same roots that are now among dead languages and contrastive grammar is a comparison of grammatical constructions among two living languages, whether they have the same root or not. Despite the differences in interpretations and naming, such studies will pave the way for translators of the target language in translation and correct reading of the source text in order to find equivalents and discover and suggest the best alternatives in the translation process from one language to another. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the manner in the syntactic structure of Arabic texts and how they are translated into Persian. In the educational texts of translation, either the issue of translating different kinds of manner from Arabic to Persian is not raised or in some sources only a brief explanation is provided and singular manner and manner adverbial sentence are often suggested to be translated in the form of adverbs/ adverbial groups. This article by using the capabilities of Persian language and based on existing Persian translations of Arabic texts, especially classical and contemporary translated Qur'ans, semantic equivalents and new grammatical constructions in Persian gives suggestions for translating this syntactic role (manner) And thus, more linguistic arrangements are made available for translators.
 

Methodology

   This study compares singular manner and nominal and verbal manner adverbial sentences in Arabic and their grammatical roles of Persian translation in a comparative and statistical method. For this purpose, the main sources are considered on which the main research findings are based, and those are the famous traditional and contemporary translated Qur'ans. The scope of the study of Qur'anic samples is from the beginning of Surah Al-Baqarah to the end of Surah Al-Furqan. At first, from the above-mentioned sources, 150 singular manner samples and manner adverbial sentence samples are selected and then they are matched with the existing Persian translations. Then, it is determined what grammatical roles the singular manner and the manner adverbial sentences of Arabic get when translating into Persian. Also, by presenting statistical results in the form of tables and graphs, their frequency of application is made clear. Due to the fact that singular manner and manner adverbial sentences have more application and frequency than manner adverbial clause in Arabic texts, in this research, only the first two types have been discussed. The basis of our study in terms of grammatical roles in Persian translations are: Vahidian Kamyar (2019): Persian grammar books (1), and Givi & Anvari (2019): Persian grammar (1), and naming are based on these books.
 

Discussion

   There are three types of manners in Arabic: singular manner, manner adverbial sentence (nominal/verbal), and clause (jar wa majrur [proposition and the word after that]). In the present study, a comparison is made between singular manner and manner adverbial sentence in Arabic and sematic equivalents and their equivalent grammatical constructions in Persian. Singular manner, in comparison with other constructions, is translated into Persian as an adverb. The example of this construct is worth paying attention to in the translation of the following verse: (obediently), (sneaky), (small), (obedient), (wandering), (immediately), (expressive), (unachievable), (blessed), (clean), (abandoned), (merciful) and … . Translation in the form of verbal complement or adverbial complement is the second most commonly used applied translation in which the presence of verbal complement of the sentence is obligatory and presence of the adverbial complement is optional and it can be omitted. But the number of adverbial complements is four times more than verbal complements. But some words that are singular manner and verbal complement that have been used in sentence cannot be omitted.
   The third most commonly used construct in translation of singular manner into Persian is sentence form. Sometimes in independent sentence form and mostly dependent sentences that when we explicate them, they can be placed in adjective position or adverb position. The fourth most commonly used construct in translation of singular manner into Persian is in predicate form; which means establishing a predicate relationship between the translated word with verbs like “ (is), (was), (become), (became)” and their derivatives.  Another type of translation of singular manner is verb form. In eight cases of the studies samples, singular manner is translated into object form. The other types of manner are nominal and verbal sentences that in Persian are translated as dependent sentences. In the studied samples, except for seven cases which have been translated into Persian as independent sentences, the translation of other cases are in dependent sentence form; That is, out of a total of one hundred and fifty (150) manner adverbial sentences (nominal / verbal), one hundred and forty-three cases have been translated as dependent sentences and only seven cases have been translated into Persian as independent sentences. The number of nominal sentences is more than verbal sentences. A noteworthy point in translation of the manner of a sentence into Persian is that manner in Arabic texts, whether in the form of a nominal sentence or in the form of verbal sentence, is translated into Persian as a dependent sentence, rather than independent sentences.
   Since manner adverbial sentence is part of a larger semantic unit and in fact, it expresses agent in Arabic, therefore, if translation of the manner adverbial sentence is a part of the sentence (that means translation in the form of dependent sentence in Persian), it will be closer to the source language and matches the Persian sentence structure; consequently the reader makes a closer connection between Arabic sentence and its Persian translation and can be understood better. In addition, just as in the translation of the singular manner into Persian, in which the ratio of their translation as adverb was higher than other roles, manner adverbial sentences have been translated into Persian mostly as adverbial group rather than other rules.
 

Conclusion

   Statistical-analytical analysis shows that singular manner and manner adverbial sentence, contrary to what is stated in the existing sources on translation and comparative studies of Persian grammar and Arabic syntax, are not translated only in adverb form in Persian; It can also be translated into other roles, but their translation as an adverb / adverbial group is both semantically more clear and more widely used by translators. From the selected samples of manner (singular and adverbial sentence) in Arabic texts and their Persian translations, it was determined that singular manner is translated into Persian in the form of adverb, adverbial complement, sentence, predicate, verb complement, verb, object And noun in the genitive case, among which translation into adverb of manner or adverbs with no signsàadverbial group common with adjective has a higher frequency in comparison with other types, also semantically adverb is a more appropriate equivalent for the singular manner in translation into Persian, because it expresses the modality of the subject or object when doing something or accepting a state. Among different types of sentence, whether the nominal sentence or verbal sentence, are translated into Persian as a dependent sentence, which is itself part of a larger semantic unit (compound sentence). Considering the status and role of the manner adverbial sentence in Arabic texts, its translation as a dependent sentence is better than other types of sentence (core sentence / independent sentence); As they have been translated in most of the analyzed samples, in the form of Persian-related sentences.